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Home / Located in Southern England What Massive Work of Art Is Carved Into the Side of a Hill

Located in Southern England What Massive Work of Art Is Carved Into the Side of a Hill

Hill figure nearly Cerne Abbas in Dorset

Cerne Abbas Behemothic
Cerne-abbas-giant-2001-cropped.jpg

Cerne Abbas Giant chalk figure below the rectangular "Trendle" earthworks

Cerne Abbas Giant is located in Dorset

Cerne Abbas Giant

Shown inside Dorset
Alternative name Cerne Giant
Location Giant Hill, Cerne Abbas, Dorset, England
Coordinates fifty°48′49″N two°28′29″W  /  50.813676°N 2.474700°W  / 50.813676; -2.474700 Coordinates: 50°48′49″N ii°28′29″W  /  50.813676°N 2.474700°W  / 50.813676; -2.474700
Blazon Hill figure monument
Length 55m (180ft)
History
Material Chalk
Founded First recorded 1694
Associated with
  • Hercules
  • Oliver Cromwell
Site notes
Ownership National Trust
Public access Yes
Website nationaltrust.org.uk/cerne-behemothic

Scheduled monument
Designated 15 October 1924
Identifiers
NHLE 1003202

The Cerne Abbas Giant is a hill effigy near the village of Cerne Abbas in Dorset, England. 55 metres (180 ft) loftier, information technology depicts a standing nude male with a prominent erection and wielding a large club in its right hand. Similar many other hill figures it is outlined by shallow trenches cut in the turf and backfilled with chalk rubble. It is listed as a scheduled monument of England; the site is now owned by the National Trust.

The origin and age of the figure are unclear and in that location is archaeological evidence that parts of it have been lost, contradistinct or added over time; the earliest written record dates to the late 17th century. Early antiquarians associated it, on niggling evidence, with a Saxon deity, while other scholars sought to identify it with a Romano-British figure of Hercules or some syncretisation of the two.[ane] The lack of earlier descriptions, along with information given to the 18th-century antique John Hutchins, has led some scholars to conclude it dates from the 17th century, but recent optically stimulated luminescence testing has suggested an origin between the years 700 CE and 1110CE, possibly close to the 10th century appointment of the founding of nearby Cerne Abbey.

Regardless of its age, the Cerne Abbas Giant has become an important role of local civilisation and folklore, which often assembly it with fertility. It is one of England's all-time-known colina figures and is a visitor attraction in the region.

The Cerne Giant is ane of two major extant human loma figures in England; the other is the Long Man of Wilmington, near Wilmington, Eastward Sussex. Both are scheduled monuments.

Description [edit]

The Giant is located just outside the pocket-size village of Cerne Abbas in Dorset, about 48 kilometres (30 mi) west of Bournemouth and 26 kilometres (16 mi) north of Weymouth. The effigy depicts a naked homo and is of colossal dimensions, being about 55 metres (180 ft) high and 51 metres (167 ft) broad. Information technology is cut into the steep west-facing side of a loma known as Giant Hill[iii] or Trendle Hill.[4] [5] Atop the loma is another landmark, the Iron Historic period earthwork known every bit the "Trendle" or "Frying Pan".[half dozen] The figure'due south outline is formed past trenches cutting into the turf nigh 0.vi metres (2 ft 0 in) deep, and filled with crushed chalk.[iii] In his correct hand the behemothic holds a knotted society 37 metres (121 ft) in length,[7] and adding 11 metres (36 ft) to the total height of the figure.[viii] A line beyond the waist has been suggested to represent a belt.[9] Writing in 1901 in the Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Club, Henry Colley March noted that: "The Cerne Behemothic presents five characteristics: (1) It is petrographic... It is, therefore, a rock carving... (ii) It is colossal... (3) It is nude.... (4) Information technology is ithyphallic... (5) The Giant is clavigerous. It bears a weapon in its right hand."[x]

A 1996 study found that some features have changed over time, concluding that the figure originally held a cloak over its left arm and an object, maybe a severed head, below its left hand.[11] The one-time presence of a cloak was corroborated in 2008 when a team of archaeologists using special equipment adamant that function of the figure had been lost; the cloak might accept been a delineation of an creature skin.[12] In 1993, the National Trust gave the Giant a "nose job" after years of erosion had worn information technology abroad.[13] [14]

The Giant sports an erection, including its testicles, some 11 metres (36 anxiety) long, and nearly the length of its head;[15] it has been called "United kingdom's most famous phallus".[16] One commentator noted that postcards of the Giant were the merely indecent photographs that could be sent through the English Postal service Office.[17] Yet, this characteristic may also have been inverse over time. From a review of historical depictions, the Behemothic's electric current large erection has been identified as the issue of merging a circle representing his bellybutton with a smaller penis during a 1908 re-cut: the navel nevertheless appears on a late 1890s pic postcard.[18] Lidar scans conducted as part of the 2020 survey programme have concluded that the phallus was added much later than the bulk of the figure, which was probably originally clothed.[xix]

The colina figure is nearly ordinarily known as the "Cerne Abbas Giant"[xx] [21] [22] [23] or "Cerne Behemothic",[20] [24] the latter existence preferred by the National Trust, while English language Heritage and Dorset County Quango telephone call it merely "the Giant".[three] [25] It has besides been referred to as the "Old Man",[26] and occasionally in recent years every bit the "Rude Homo" of Cerne.[27] [28]

Although the all-time view of the Giant is from the air, most tourist guides recommend a ground view from the "Giant's View" lay-by and automobile park off the A352.[29] [xxx] This area was developed in 1979 in a articulation project between the Dorset County Planning Section, the National Trust, Nature Conservancy Council (now chosen English Nature), the Dorset Naturalists Trusts, the Department of the Surroundings, and local country-owners. The information panel there was devised by the National Trust and Dorset County Council.[31]

History [edit]

Early accounts [edit]

Similar several other chalk figures carved into the English countryside, the Cerne Abbas Behemothic is oft idea of as an ancient creation; its written history, however, cannot be traced back further than the tardily 17th century. Medieval sources refer to the hill on which the giant is located equally Trendle Hill, in reference to the nearby Atomic number 26 Age earthwork known as the Trendle.[4] [6] J. H. Bettey of the Academy of Bristol noted that none of the before sources for the area, including a detailed 1540s survey of the Abbey lands and a 1617 land survey by John Norden, refer to the behemothic, despite noting the Trendle and other landmarks.[32] In contrast, there are documentary references to the 3,000 twelvemonth-old Uffington White Horse every bit far back as the late 11th century.[33]

The earliest known written reference is a 4Nov 1694 entry in the Churchwardens' Accounts from St Mary's Church in Cerne Abbas, which reads "for repairing ye Giant, iii shillings".[34] [35] In 1734, the Bishop of Bristol noted and inquired well-nigh the giant during a Canonical visitation to Cerne Abbas, while in 1738 the antiquarian Francis Wise mentioned the giant in a letter.[36] The bishop'due south account, too every bit subsequent observations such every bit those of William Stukeley, were discussed at meetings of the Social club of Antiquaries of London in 1764.[37] [38]

Showtime in 1763 descriptions of the giant also began to appear in contemporary magazines, following a general increment in interest in "antiquities". The earliest known survey was published in the Royal Magazine in September 1763. Derivative versions afterwards appeared in the October 1763 St James Chronicle, the July 1764 Gentleman'south Magazine [37] [39] and the 1764 edition of The Annual Register.[37] [xl] [41] [42] [43] In the early 1770s the antiquarian John Hutchins reviewed various previous accounts in his volume The History and Antiquities of the Canton of Dorset, published posthumously in 1774.[37] Noting a local tradition the giant had only been cut in the previous century, he described and drew it as then having 3 roughly-cutting letters betwixt its feet, and over them the apparent Arabic numerals "748", features since lost; Hutchins' account was copied by several early 19th century guidebooks.[44] [45]

A map referred to equally the "1768 Survey Map of Cerne Abbas by Benjamin Pryce" is held at the Dorset History Middle,[46] though a record at the National Archives notes at that place is evidence the map may date to the 1790s.[47] By the following century the phallus was invariably omitted from depictions, either in line with the prevailing views on modesty at the time or as it had become grassed over; the effigy seems to have get increasingly neglected and overgrown during the 19th century until in 1868 its owner Lord Rivers arranged to have the Behemothic restored "as near every bit possible to his original condition".[48]

  • Cerne Abbas Giant at dissimilar dates

  • 1764, outset known drawing from the Gentleman'southward Mag with measurements, including the height of 180 anxiety (55 m)[39]

  • 1764 sketch, perhaps dated to 1763, sent to the Society of Antiquaries of London[49]

Interpretation [edit]

18th century antiquarians were able to discover picayune about the effigy's origin: Stukeley suggested that local people "know nothing more of [the Giant] than a traditionary business relationship of its existence a deity of the aboriginal Britons".[52] Several other local traditions have, however, been recorded, including that the Giant was cut in 1539 at the fourth dimension of the Dissolution of the Monasteries as a "humiliating caricature" of Cerne Abbey'southward last abbot Thomas Corton, who amongst other offences was accused of fathering children with a mistress.[53] [54] Hutchins, noting the apparent effigy "748" so visible between the Giant'southward feet, suggested that if this did not refer to the date of an earlier repair such equally "1748", it could be a representation of Cenric, the son of Cuthred, King of Wessex, who died in battle in 748: Arabic numerals however did not come widely into utilise in England until the 15th century.[55] Some other 18th century writer dismissed it as "the amusement of idle people, and cut with trivial meaning, perhaps, as shepherds' boys strip off the turf on the Wiltshire plains."[56]

Richard Pococke, in a 1754 account, noted the figure was called "the Behemothic, and Hele",[57] while Richard Gough, editor of the 1789 edition of William Camden's 1637 work Britannica, linked the Giant with a supposed modest Saxon deity named by Camden as "Hegle";[58] [59] In the 1760s William Stukeley recorded that locals referred to the giant every bit "Helis".[58] Stukeley was one of the first to hypothesize that "Helis" was a garbled form of "Hercules", a suggestion that has found more back up;[58] [60] Pococke had earlier noted that "[the Giant] seems to be Hercules, or Strength and Fidelity".[57] The close resemblance of the giant's features to the attributes of the classical hero Hercules, unremarkably portrayed naked and with a knotted club, have been strengthened past the more than recent discovery of the "cloak", every bit Hercules was ofttimes depicted with the skin of the Nemean lion over his arm.[58]

Layout of the giant with the obliterated line (in xanthous) reconstructed

Modern histories of the Cerne Giant have been published by Bettey 1981, Legg 1990, and Darvill et al. 1999.[61] In recent times there have been three principal theories concerning the age of the Behemothic, and whom information technology might represent:[62]

  • One, citing the lack of documentary evidence prior to the 1690s, argues that the giant was created in the 17th century, most likely by Lord Holles, who held the Cerne Abbas manor by correct of his second wife Jane. J.H. Bettey was the first to suggest Holles could have cut the figure equally a parody of Oliver Cromwell,[63] though a further tradition local to Cerne was that the Giant was created by Holles' tenants as a lampoon aimed at Holles himself.[64]
  • Another, based largely on an idea developed in the 1930s by archeologist Stuart Piggott, is that due to the giant'south resemblance to Hercules, it is a cosmos of the Romano-British civilization, either every bit a direct depiction of the Roman figure or of a deity identified with him.[eleven] It has been more specifically linked to attempts to revive the cult of Hercules during the reign of the Emperor Commodus (176-192), who presented himself as a reincarnation of Hercules.[65]
  • Some other is that the giant is of earlier Celtic origin, considering it is stylistically similar to an image of the Celtic god Nodens on a skillet handle plant at Hod Hill, Dorset, dated to between 10 CE to 51 CE.[62]

Lord Holles, a portrait from the 1640s. Holles, the Cerne Abbas landowner, has been suggested equally the person who ordered the behemothic to be cutting in mockery of his political adversary Cromwell.

Proponents of a 17th-century origin suggest that the giant was cutting around the time of the English language Ceremonious War by servants of Denzil Holles, then Lord of the Estate of Cerne Abbas. This theory originated in the 18th century business relationship of John Hutchins, who noted in a letter of the alphabet of 1751 to the Dean of Exeter that the steward of the estate had told him the figure "was a modern affair, cut out in Lord Hollis' fourth dimension".[half dozen] In his History and antiquities of the county of Dorset, first published in 1774, Hutchins besides suggested that Holles could perhaps accept ordered the recutting of an existing figure dating from "across the memory of man".[59] [66]

It has been speculated that Holles could accept intended the figure equally a parody of Oliver Cromwell: while Holles, the MP for Dorchester and a leader of the Presbyterian faction in Parliament, had been a key Parliamentarian supporter during the Showtime English Civil War, he grew to personally despise Cromwell and attempted to have him impeached in 1644.[67] Cromwell was sometimes mockingly referred to equally "England's Hercules" by his enemies: under this interpretation, the society has been suggested to hint at Cromwell'due south military rule, and the phallus to mock his Puritanism.[68] In 1967 Kenneth Carrdus proposed that the Holles referred to in Hutchins' account was Denzil Holles' son Francis, MP for Dorchester in 1679-fourscore: he claimed that the figures and letters noted by Hutchins could be fabricated to read "fh 1680", though was unable to find much other bear witness to support this.[69]

The deepest archeological horizon of the Giant is 1 metre. Results of optically stimulated luminescence testing of samples from this deepest level were published in 2021. Some of these samples support a construction date between 700 CE and 1110CE, suggesting the Giant was offset cut in the late Anglo-Saxon menstruum. As this date coincides with the founding of nearby Cerne Abbey, archeologist Alison Sheridan speculated that it may have been a challenge to the new faith from the still-pagan local inhabitants,[70] [71] although other scholars have noted that early on medieval monks could every bit have been responsible for the figure.[72]

Other samples, withal, gave afterwards dates ranging upwards to 1560; one possible explanation is that the Giant may take showtime been cut in the belatedly Saxon menses, but then abandoned for several centuries.[seventy] Every bit the survey evidence also suggested that the giant's penis is of much afterward appointment than the balance of the figure, the National Trust has proposed that the feature could take been added by Holles every bit office of his parody of Cromwell when re-cut the older figure.[19]

Modern history [edit]

In 1920, the giant and the 4,000 square metres (0.99 acres) site where it stands were donated to the National Trust by its then country-owners, Alexander and George Pitt-Rivers,[73] and information technology is at present listed every bit a Scheduled Monument.[iii] During Globe War 2 the behemothic was camouflaged with brushwood by the Home Guard in guild to prevent its use equally a landmark for enemy aircraft.[74] [75]

According to the National Trust, the grass is trimmed regularly and the giant is fully re-chalked every 25 years.[76] Traditionally, the National Trust has relied on sheep from surrounding farms to graze the site.[77] However, in 2008 a lack of sheep, coupled with a wet spring causing actress institute growth, forced a re-chalking of the giant,[78] with 17 tonnes of new chalk beingness poured in and tamped down by hand.[79] In 2006, the National Trust carried out the get-go wildlife survey of the Cerne Abbas Behemothic, identifying wild flowers including the green-winged orchid, amassed bellflower and autumn gentian, which are uncommon in England.[80]

In 1921 Walter Long of Gillingham, Dorset, objected to the giant's nudity and conducted a entrada to either convert it to a simple nude, or to comprehend its supposed obscenity with a foliage.[81] Long's protest gained some support, including that of two bishops,[16] [17] and eventually reached the Home Office. The Habitation Office considered the protest to be in sense of humour, though the chief constable responded to say the office could not act against a protected scheduled monument.

Archaeology [edit]

A 1617 land survey of Cerne Abbas makes no mention of the giant, suggesting that it may non have been at that place at the fourth dimension or was possibly overgrown.[32] The first published survey appeared in the September 1763 issue of Royal Magazine, reprinted in the October 1763 result of St James Relate, and too in the August 1764 edition of Gentleman'southward Mag together with the outset cartoon that included measurements.[37]

Egyptologist and archæology pioneer Sir Flinders Petrie[82] surveyed the giant, probably during the Showtime World War, and published his results in a Royal Anthropological Establish paper in 1926.[73] [83] Petrie says he made 220 measurements, and records slight grooves across the neck, and from the shoulders down to the armpits. He too notes a row of pits suggesting the place of the spine. He concludes that the giant is very different from the Long Homo of Wilmington, and that modest grooves may have been added from having been repeatedly cleaned.[83]

In 1764, William Stukeley was ane of the outset people to suggest that the behemothic resembled Hercules.[38] In 1938, British archeologist Stuart Piggott agreed, and suggested that, like Hercules, the giant should also be carrying a lion-peel.[84] [85] In 1979, a resistivity survey was carried out, and together with drill samples, confirmed the presence of the lion-skin.[86] Another resistivity survey in 1995 also institute evidence of a cloak and changes to the length of the phallus, only did not observe evidence (every bit rumoured) of a severed head, horns, or symbols betwixt the anxiety.[87]

In July 2020, preliminary results of a National Trust survey of snail shells unearthed at the site suggested the loma figure is "medieval or later".[88] Snails dating merely from the Roman flow (brought from France as nutrient) were non constitute at the site, while species beginning establish in England from the 13th and 14th centuries were institute in soil samples examined. In 2020 the National Trust commissioned a further survey, using optically stimulated luminescence, and the results contradicted earlier enquiry and theories. Samples from within the deepest layers of the monument yielded a appointment range for construction of 700–1100CE – early medieval late Anglo-Saxon period.[70] [89]

Digging [edit]

North-e of the caput of the giant is an escarpment called Trendle Colina, on which are some earthworks now called The Trendle or Frying Pan.[90] It is a scheduled monument in its own right.[91] Antiquarian John Hutchins wrote in 1872 that "These remains are of very interesting character, and of considerable extent. They consist of circular and other excavation, lines of defensive ramparts, an artery, shallow excavations, and other indications of a British settlement."[92]

Different the giant, the earthworks vest to Lord Digby, rather than the National Trust. Its purpose is unknown; the merits that information technology was the site of maypole dancing, made by the old village sexton in the late 19th century, was disputed by other villagers who located the maypole site elsewhere.[93] [ninety] It has been considered to be Roman,[90] or perhaps an Iron-Historic period burying mound containing the tomb of the person represented by the behemothic.[94] [95]

Sociology [edit]

Any its origin, the giant has become an important part of the culture and folklore of Dorset. Some folk stories indicate that the prototype is an outline of the corpse of a real behemothic.[58] One story says the giant came from Denmark leading an invasion of the declension, and was beheaded by the people of Cerne Abbas while he slept on the hillside.[96]

Other folklore, first recorded in the Victorian era, associates the figure with fertility.[58] According to folk belief, a woman who sleeps on the figure will be blessed with fecundity, and infertility may be cured through sexual intercourse on top of the figure, particularly the phallus.[58]

In 1808, Dorset poet William Holloway published his poem "The Giant of Trendle Colina",[5] in which the Giant is killed past the locals by piercing its eye.

In pop civilisation [edit]

In modernistic times the behemothic has been used for several publicity stunts and as an ad. For case, Ann Bryn-Evans of the Pagan Federation recalls that the Behemothic has been used to promote "condoms, jeans and bicycles".[97]

In 1998, pranksters made a pair of jeans out of plastic mesh with a 21-metre (69 ft) within leg, and fitted them to the giant[98] to publicise American jeans manufacturer Big Smith.[99] In 2002, the BLAC advertising agency[100] on behalf of "the Family Planning Clan (FPA) as part of its mission to promote safe-wearing ... donned balaclavas and spent Dominicus dark rolling the enormous latex sheet down the Giant's member".[101]

Every bit a publicity stunt for the opening of The Simpsons Motion-picture show on 16 July 2007, a giant Homer Simpson brandishing a doughnut was outlined in water-based biodegradable paint to the left of the Cerne Abbas giant. This deed displeased local neopagans, who pledged to perform pelting magic to launder the figure away.[102] [103]

An August 2007 report, in the Dorset Echo said a man claiming to be the "Purple Phantom" had painted the Giant'due south penis majestic. It was reported that the man was from Fathers 4 Justice but the group said they did not know who it was.[104]

In 2012, pupils and members of the local community recreated the Olympic torch on the Giant, to mark the passing of the official torch in the run-up to the 2012 London Olympics.[105]

In November 2013, the National Trust supported Movember, which raises awareness of prostate and testicular cancer. It authorised the temporary placement of a huge grass moustache on the giant. The moustache was 12 metres (39 ft) wide and three metres (10 ft) deep according to the designer[106] just both the National Trust and the BBC reported information technology every bit existence 11 past 27 metres (36 past 89 ft).[107] [108]

In October 2020, to promote the release of Borat Subsequent Moviefilm people added a 'mankini' and banners stating "Wear Mask." and "Save Alive." on the site.[109]

The Cerne Abbas Giant has appeared in several films and TV programmes, including the title sequence of the 1986 British historical drama motion picture Comrades,[ citation needed ] a 1996 episode of the Erotic Tales series "The Clamorous Mrs Kirsch", directed by Ken Russell (featuring a replica of the Behemothic), in 1997, the series6 finale "Sofa" of the one-act series Men Behaving Badly, and the 2000 film Maybe Baby directed by Ben Elton.[110] [111] and even appeared in one of BBC One 'Balloon' idents between 1997-2002.

The giant has also been depicted in multiple video games, including Pokémon Sword and Shield.[112]

Representations [edit]

In 1980, Devon artist Kenneth Evans-Loud planned to produce a companion 70-metre (230 ft) female person effigy on the opposite hill, featuring Marilyn Monroe in her iconic pose from the picture The Seven Year Crawling where her clothes is blown by a subway grating.[113] [114]

In 1989, Turner Prize-winning artist Grayson Perry designed a gear up of motorbike leathers inspired past the Cerne Abbas Giant.[115] [116] [117] In 1994, girls from Roedean School painted a 24-metre (79 ft) replica of the Behemothic on their playing field, the 24-hour interval before sports twenty-four hours.[118]

In 2003, pranksters created their ain 23-metre (75 ft) version of the Giant on a loma in English language Bicknor, but "wearing wellies, an ear of corn hanging from its mouth and a tankard of ale in its hand".[119] In 2005, the makers of Lynx deodorant created a ix.3 square metres (100.1 sq ft) advert on a field nigh Gatwick, featuring a copy of the Giant wearing underpants, frolicking with 2 scantily clad women.[120] In 2006, artist Peter John Hardwick produced a painting "The Ii Dancers with the Cerne Abbas Giant, with Apologies to Picasso" which is on display at Poole Infirmary NHS Foundation Trust.[121] In 2009, the Giant was given a ruby-red nose, to publicize the BBC's Comic Relief charity outcome.[122] In 2011, English language animators The Brothers McLeod produced a fifteen-2d cartoon giving their take on what the Giant does when no one is watching.[123]

In 2015, the giant was used equally a character in an online comic book published by Eco Comics; the giant's character appeared in various adventures accompanying a character based on St George, though his erect penis was removed from the artwork as many "outlets, peculiarly in the The states, decline any form of nudity in comic books".[124]

The behemothic's prototype has been reproduced on various souvenirs and local nutrient produce labels, including for a range of beers made by the Cerne Abbas Brewery. In 2016, the BBC reported that the beer company's logo had been censored in the Houses of Parliament.[125]

Gallery [edit]

  • Aerial view

  • Aeriform view

  • Lesser-upward view

  • The Giant's phallus

  • Renovation in 2008

See also [edit]

  • Long Man of Wilmington
  • Marree Man

References [edit]

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  2. ^ "England – Dorset", Ordnance Survey map 1:ten,560, Epoch1 (1891)
  3. ^ a b c d Historic England, "Loma figure called The Behemothic (1003202)", National Heritage List for England , retrieved xiv Oct 2012
  4. ^ a b Haughton, Brian, Hidden History: Lost Civilizations, Secret Noesis, and Aboriginal Mysteries, publisher ReadHowYouWant.com, 2009, ISBN 978-1442952607, p. 258
  5. ^ a b William Holloway, "The Giant of Trendle Hill", The minor minstrel: or, Poetical pieces, importantly familiar and descriptive, Printed for W. Suttaby, 1808, 182 pages, p. 140
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  10. ^ Hy. Colley March Thou.D. F.South.A., "The Giant and the Maypole of Cerne", Proceedings, Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society, Vol. 22, 1901, pp. 107–08
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  28. ^ Lionel Fanthorpe, Patricia Fanthorpe, The World's Nearly Mysterious Places, Dundurn, 1999, ISBN 978-0888822062, p. 171
  29. ^ Patricia Beer, Fay Godwin, Wessex: a National Trust book, published H. Hamilton, 1985, ISBN 978-0241115503, 224 pages, p. 132
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  33. ^ Martin Symington, Sacred Britain: A Guide to Places that Stir the Soul, publisher: Bradt Travel Guides, 2012, ISBN 978-1841623634, 240 pages, p. 53
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Bibliography [edit]

Books [edit]

  • Rodney Castleden, with a foreword by Rodney Legg, The Cerne Giant, published by Wincanton DPC, 1996, ISBN 0948699558.
  • Michael A., Hodges MA., Helis, the Cerne Giant, and his links with Christchurch, Christchurch, c. 1998, 15 pp. OCLC 41548081
  • Dr. T. William Wake Smart, Ancient Dorset, 1872, "The Cerne Giant," pp. 319–27. OCLC 655541806
  • Darvill, T., Barker, 1000., Bough, B., and Hutton, R., The Cerne Giant: An Antiquity on Trial, 1999, Oxbow. ISBN 978-1900188944. [three]
  • Legg, Rodney, 1990, Cerne; Giant and Hamlet Guide, Dorset Publishing Visitor, 2nd edition, ISBN 978-0948699177.[iv]
  • Knight, Peter, The Cerne Giant – Landscape, Gods and the Stargate, 2013, Stone Seeker Publishing. ISBN 9780956034229

Periodical manufactures [edit]

  • Dr Wake Smart, "The Cerne Behemothic", Journal of the British Archaeological Association, Volume: 28, 1872.
  • Hy. Colley March Grand.D. F.S.A., "The Giant and the Maypole of Cerne", Proceedings, Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Gild, Vol. 22, 1901.
  • W. M. F. Petrie, The Loma Figures of England, "III. The Behemothic of Cerne", Regal Anthropological Constitute of United kingdom and Ireland, Occasional Paper No. 7, 1926.
  • O. G. S. Crawford, "The Giant of Cerne and other Hill-figures", Antiquity, Vol. iii No. eleven, September 1929, pp. 277–82.
  • Stuart Piggott, "Notes and News: The proper name of the giant of Cerne", Antiquity, Vol. 6, No. 22, June 1932, pp. 214–16.
  • Stuart Piggott, "The Hercules Myth – ancestry and ends", Artifact, Vol. 12 No. 47, September 1938, pp. 323–31.
  • "Editorial: regarding the Dwelling house Office file, Obscene Publications: the Cerne Abbas Behemothic (PRO HO 45/18033)", Antiquity, Vol.50 No.198, June 1976, pp. 93–94.
  • Leslie Grinsell, "The Cern Abbas Giant 1764–1980", Antiquity, Vol. 54 No. 210, March 1980, pp. 29–33.
  • J. H. Bettey, "The Cerne Abbas giant: the documentary evidence", Antiquity, Vol. 55, No. 214, July 1981, pp. 118–21.
  • J. H. Bettey, "Notes and News: The Cerne Behemothic: another document?", Antiquity, Vol. 56 No. 216, March 1982, pp. 51–52.
  • Temple Willcox, "Difficult times for the Cerne Giant: 20th-century attitudes to an ancient monument", Artifact, Vol. 62 No. 236, September 1988, pp. 524–26.
  • Chris Gerrard, "Cerne Behemothic", British Archaeology, Event no 55, October 2000. A review of the volume: The Cerne Giant: an Artifact on Trial by Timothy Darvill, Katherine Barker, Barbara Bender and Ronald Hutton (eds), Oxbow, ISBN 1900188945.

National Monument Records [edit]

  • 1979 Resistivity survey past A J Clark, A D H Bartlett and A E U David, which "found prove for the 'king of beasts peel' feature over the behemothic's left arm"
  • 1988–1989 Resistivity surveys, testing for the existence of possible additional features, 1988, 1989, 1994
  • 1995 Resistivity survey finding prove of a cloak, penis length change, and navel, but, non for a severed caput, horns, nor lettering/symbols between the feet
  • "Cerne Giant", National Monument Records, No. ST 60 SE 39 (on Pastscape.org.uk)

External links [edit]

  • Cerne Giant at the National Trust
  • Cerne Abbas giant at Mysterious Britain & Ireland
  • Historic England. "Hill figure called The Giant (1003202)". National Heritage List for England.
  • Celebrated England. "Cerne Giant (199015)". Research records (formerly PastScape).
  • Cerne Abbas Giant, Hill-Figure at the National Trust Historic Buildings, Sites and Monuments Record (HBSMR)
  • Cerne Abbas Behemothic at the Dorset Historic Environment Record (via heritagegateway.org.great britain)
  • "The Trendle, Possible Roman Rectangular Earthwork Enclosure" (Scheduled Monument record)

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerne_Abbas_Giant